Parental Bonding Instrument Research Articles

Childhood parental bonding and depression in adulthood: A study of mothers in rural Pakistan

BackgroundParent-child relationship quality can have long-term impacts on child mental health into adulthood. The impact of parental behaviors on the future mental health of children has been understudied in South Asia, where parenting approaches differ from the dominant western approaches often represented in the literature. MethodsMothers in rural Pakistan (N = 828) reported on their own mothers' parenting behaviors using the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) and were assessed for depression using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID). The PBI includes scales for warmth (care scale) and over-control (protection scale), as well as subscales for behavioral control and psychological control. We used structural equation modeling to test the associations between depression and all PBI scales/subscales. ResultsIncreased parental care was associated with lower probability of depression (B = −0.19, SE = 0.09). Parental protection was associated with higher probability of depression (B = 0.25, SE = 0.11). Among the protection subscales, behavioral control was associated with increased risk of depression (B = 0.24, 95 % SE = 0.11) and psychological control was associated with decreased risk of depression (B = −0.28, SE = 0.12). LimitationsThis cross-sectional study used retrospective self-reports of parenting experiences. Participants only reported on their mothers, not fathers or other caregivers. ConclusionsIn a rural Pakistani sample, maternal warmth was protective against adulthood depression. The association between maternal control and depression varied based on the type of control (behavioral or psychological), emphasizing the importance of nuanced measures of parental control in this context.

Association of Perceived Parental Bonding and Emotional Intelligence among Elder Male Sibling and Younger Male Sibling

The development of a child's emotions is influenced by various factors, one of which is parental bonding. The way a child perceives their parents greatly affects their emotional being. This study investigated the association between perceived parental bonding and emotional intelligence among elder and younger male siblings. The study used the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) and the Goleman Emotional Intelligence Scale. The total sample consisted of 126 participants, of which 63 were elder male siblings and 63 were younger male siblings. The inclusion criterion was males with at least one male sibling. The age range of the participants in the study was 18-25 years old. The results revealed a significant correlation between perceived parental bonding and emotional intelligence. Although the mean emotional intelligence score was lower for the elder male siblings than the younger male siblings, the elder male siblings showed a stronger association between the two.

Parenting and Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties in a General Population Sample of Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Emotional Dysregulation.

Research has shown that both parenting and emotional dysregulation are associated with mental health outcomes in youth. This cross-sectional research was developed to replicate these noted findings and explore the mediating role of emotional dysregulation to explain the relationship between parenting and emotional and behavioral difficulties (internalizing and externalizing problems) in adolescents. A total of 104 adolescents (61.5% females; M = 15.62 yrs., SD = 1.38) participated in the study. Participants completed the Parental Bonding Instrument (measuring care, promotion of autonomy, and overprotection) referring to both the mother and father, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, and the Youth Self-Report. The results showed that difficulties in emotion regulation fully mediated the relationship between overprotection (in both parents) and low maternal care with internalizing problems, on the one hand, and the relationship between maternal overprotection and low care (in both parents) with externalizing problems, on the other hand. Furthermore, emotional dysregulation partially mediated the effect of paternal care on internalizing problems. These findings help to clarify one of the mechanisms through which parenting can affect mental health in youth. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.

Correlation Between Parenting Styles, Resilience, and Socioeconomic Status on Emotional Intelligence of College Students

The family is the first and most important place for human interaction. Parents are the most important interaction objects. Numerous studies have pointed out that parenting styles can have a large and long-term impact on children. Several studies have linked parenting styles to emotional intelligence and resilience in children and adolescents. However, fewer studies have explored whether parenting styles are associated with college students’ emotional intelligence and resilience. In addition, few studies have explored whether socioeconomic status is related to emotional intelligence and/or resilience. Therefore, this study takes 210 college students aged 18–23 years as research participants to explore the relationship between these variables. The instruments are Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), Two-factor Index of Social Position, Inventory of Adolescent Resilience (IAR), and Emotion Management Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis. The findings suggest that parenting styles are associated with emotional intelligence. However, resilience is related to the caring dimension of parenting styles, but not the control dimension. Similar result was also found in socioeconomic status. The developmental changes of these variables and their mechanisms still need further research to explore.
 Keywords: emotional intelligence, parenting styles, resilience, socioeconomic status

Interpersonal Sensitivity as a Mediator of the Effect of Childhood Parenting Quality on Depressive Symptoms.

The aim of this study was to analyze whether interpersonal sensitivity mediates the effect of qualitative parenting characteristics experienced during childhood on the appraisal of life experiences and depression severity during adulthood in adult community volunteers. A total of 404 Japanese adult volunteers answered the following four self-report questionnaires: Parental Bonding Instrument, Interpersonal Sensitivity Measure, Life Experiences Survey, and Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Structural equation modeling was performed to analyze whether childhood parenting quality increases depressive symptom severity through interpersonal sensitivity, which then affects the appraisal of recent life events. In the two structural equation models, inadequate care and excessive overprotection received during childhood were associated with the negative evaluation of life experiences and depression severity in adulthood through high interpersonal sensitivity. Our findings indicate interpersonal sensitivity as a mediator of the effect of inadequate care and excessive overprotection experienced in childhood on the negative evaluation of life experiences and depression severity in adulthood.

Early Maladaptive Schemas and Their Associations with Perceived Parental Bonding among Adolescents Entering Specialized Health Care

AbstractEarly maladaptive schemas (EMSs) have scarcely been studied in adolescents. The present study investigates EMSs in two clinical samples of 12–22-year-olds recruited from patients entering a specialized adolescent psychiatry clinic [n = 190] or a pediatric clinic [n = 119] in Finland. The endorsement of EMSs was compared between these samples, and the association of EMSs with perceived parental bonding was assessed. EMSs were assessed with the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form 2-Extended and particularly affectionless control parenting style with the Parental Bonding Instrument. The main analyses were conducted using general linear modeling. Significant differences existed between the two samples, with most EMSs and EMS domains being stronger in the adolescent psychiatry sample. The Disconnection and Rejection domain was associated with maternal affectionless control in the adolescent psychiatry sample and paternal affectionless control in the pediatric sample. The results provide novel findings of EMSs in adolescents and their links to parenting.

Pathways Linking Parental Care and Control to Loneliness in Breast Cancer Patients with A History of Childhood Maltreatment: Exploring the Mediating Roles of Ambivalence Over Emotional Expression and Self-Discrepancy.

Childhood maltreatment is a risk factor for loneliness and is linked to breast cancer. Parental bonding experienced during one's childhood also plays a significant role in increasing or decreasing the risk of loneliness later in life. Previous research has highlighted the significance of ambivalence over emotional expression (AEE) and self-discrepancy in the psychological adaptation of breast cancer patients, particularly concerning the impact of parental care and control experienced by patients in their relationship with their parents during childhood. Nevertheless, previous studies have not examined the mediating effects of AEE and self-discrepancy on parental care and control, as well as loneliness, in breast cancer patients. This study aimed to investigate whether AEE and self-discrepancy mediate the association of childhood parental care and control with loneliness in breast cancer patients with a history of childhood maltreatment. One hundred and thirty-three breast cancer patients who were receiving chemotherapy within the first 3 months post-diagnosis were recruited from one private and three public hospitals in Tabriz, Iran, to complete questionnaires. Parental bonding, loneliness, AEE, and self-discrepancy were assessed using the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale, Ambivalence over the Expression of Emotion Questionnaire (AEQ), and Self-Discrepancies Scale (S-DS). Mediation models were tested using structural equation modeling. Effects of parental care (β = -.17, p < .05) and control (β = .21, p < .001) on loneliness were significant. Furthermore, both AEE (β = .19, p < .05) and self-discrepancy (β = .23, p < .01) significantly predicted loneliness. The pathway between parental care and AEE was significant (β = -.21, p < .001), as was the direct effect of parental control on self-discrepancy (β = .19, p < .05). Bootstrapping results showed that AEE significantly mediated the relationship between parental care and loneliness (95% confidence interval [CI] [-0.09, -0.01]). In addition, there was a significant indirect effect from parental control to loneliness via self-discrepancy (95% CI [0.11, 0.01]). These findings suggest that AEE and self-discrepancy could potentially be utilized in preventing or addressing loneliness in breast cancer patients who have a history of childhood maltreatment. Future research could, for example, assess whether integrating psychosocial interventions focusing on these variables as part of medical care can improve the mental health status of this subgroup of breast cancer patients who have experienced childhood maltreatment.

Impact of dysfunctional parenting, affective temperaments, and stressful life events on the development of melancholic and non-melancholic depression: A path analysis study.

The influence of psychosocial factors on differentiating between melancholic depression (MEL) and non-melancholic depression (NMEL) remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the interrelationship between dysfunctional parenting, personality traits, stressful life events, and the diagnosis of MEL and NMEL among patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Ninety-eight patients with MDD completed the following self-administered questionnaires: the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) for dysfunctional parenting, the short version of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego-autoquestionnaire version (TEMPS-A) for affective temperaments, and the Life Experiences Survey (LES) for stressful life events. The data were analyzed using single and multiple regression analyses and path analysis. Dysfunctional parenting did not have a significant direct effect on MEL. However, paternal care had a significant indirect effect on MEL through depressive temperament. The total indirect effect of paternal care on MEL was significant (indirect path coefficient = 0.161, p <0.05). In other words, low levels of paternal care were associated with the development of NMEL via increased depressive temperament. None of the paths from paternal care to MEL via negative change scores of the LES were significant. This study used cross-sectional data, so the possibility that current depressive status may affect the assessment of LES and TEMPS-A cannot be ruled out. We found that low levels of paternal care did not directly affect the development of NMEL, but affected the development of NMEL through the mediation of depressive temperament rather than stressful life events.

Mentalization, emotional dysregulation and attachment to alternative attachment figures in retrospectively defined earned secure adults

BackgroundResearchers have tried to identify mechanisms through which an individual overcomes negative life experiences, proposing earning security as one of them. Retrospectively defined earned secures are recognized as individuals exhibiting secure attachments to their parents while evaluating the quality of their childhood care as low. This study aimed to examine at-tachment, mentalization, and emotional dysregulation in this group. We hypothesized that earned secures will report better mentalizing, lower emotion dysregulation, and more secure attachment to figures other than parents than insecure individuals.Participants and procedureA female adult sample (N = 272) completed the Experiences in Close Relationships–Relationship Structures questionnaire, Parental Bonding Instrument, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, and Mental State Task. The time devoted to psycho-therapy and demographics were also controlled as contextual variables.ResultsWe identified an ‘earned secure’ group (14% of the sample), exhibiting secure attachment to mothers in adulthood despite reported inadequate care during childhood, along with the continuously secure, insecure, and ‘lost secure’ groups. People from the earned secure and secure groups reported better emotional regulation and some aspects of mentalization than those in the insecure and lost secure groups. They equally frequently reported the presence of an adult other than parents who were important to them in childhood, but the attachment to them was more secure. We did not find evidence of differ-ences between the groups in the duration of psychotherapy.ConclusionsSecure attachment to alternative attachment figures, along with some mentalization and emotional regulation aspects, may be considered significant factors for earning security.

Lazos parentales de adolescentes en etapa tardía de la ciudad de Bogotá

This research paper studies the perception of parental ties in the late adolescent sub-stage. A sample of 281 young residents’ people has been participated in the city of Bogotá. For this, the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) was used in its version adapted for the Colombian population by Gómez, Vallejo, and Zambrano in 2007. This study pretend to provide information that allows intervention in areas of education and health related to family dynamics and paternal function. The results obtained presents a prevalence of perception of control-type bond without affection of 38,9% for each of the age range groups and statistically significant differences for sex, with a higher level of perception of paternal and maternal bond for the females. These data are like those found in previous research, both in prevalence and in differences according to established variables.

Parental imprinting

Abstract Background Parental identity formation is rooted in childhood experiences and internalised relationships with one's family. The present study aims to investigate the possible correlations between the outcomes of experienced motherhood and the woman's internalised parenting style. Methods A retrospective observational study was conducted on an Italian sample of mothers enrolled through an online questionnaire administered from July to September 2022. The Parental Bonding Instrument was used, consisting of 25 items, 12 of which refer to caring (max score 36) and 13 to overprotectiveness (max score 39). From the combination of the scores calculated for the two dimensions, four possible patterns of maternal parenting style can be obtained (affectionate bonding, optimal parenting, controlling without affection, negligent parenting). Results The sample consisted of 1828 mothers (average age 38). Our sample shows that 15.54% of the women have a mother with an affectionate bond, 32% an optimal mother, 36.54% a controlling mother without affection and 15.92% a neglectful mother. Those who have an affectionate mother have a lower likelihood of developing depression (OR:0.6;C.I.:0.4-0.9).Those who have an optimal mother have a higher likelihood of breastfeeding (OR:1.3;C.I. 1.1-1.7).Those with a controlling mother without affection have a higher probability of suffering from anxiety (OR:1.4;C.I.:1.2-1.7).Those with a controlling mother without affection have a higher probability of suffering from depression (OR:1. 7;C.I.:1.3-2.1).Those with a neglectful mother have a higher probability of suffering from anxiety (OR:1.3;C.I.:1.1-1.7).Those with a neglectful mother have a higher probability of developing depression (OR:1.7;C.I.:1.3-2.3). Conclusions Our data shows the existence of a statistically strong correlation between the variables related to the psycho-emotional sphere and the four attachment patterns. Key messages • The parental imprint received has repercussions on various aspects related to one's motherhood and influences its events and outcomes. • Mental health is also influenced by the parental imprint.

Inadequate care and excessive overprotection during childhood are associated with the presence of diabetes mellitus in adulthood in a general Japanese population: a cross-sectional analysis from the Hisayama Study

ObjectiveTo investigate associations between parenting styles during childhood and diabetes in adulthood in a Japanese community.MethodsIn 2011, 710 community-dwelling Japanese residents aged ≥ 40 years were assessed for the presence of diabetes and for their perceptions of the parenting style of their parents, as measured using the “care” and “overprotection” scales of the Parental Bonding Instrument. Care and overprotection scores for each parent were dichotomized by age-specific median values. Diabetes mellitus was defined as a fasting plasma glucose level of ≥ 7.0 mmol/L, a 2-h post-loaded glucose level of ≥ 11.1 mmol/L, HbA1c ≥ 6.5%, and/or the current use of insulin or oral glucose-lowering agents. The odds ratios (ORs) for prevalent diabetes were calculated using a logistic regression model.ResultsThe prevalence of diabetes was 14.9%. Subjects with a high paternal overprotection score had a significantly greater likelihood of prevalent diabetes than those with a low paternal overprotection score after adjusting for confounders (OR 1.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06–2.77), while there was no significant association between paternal care and diabetes. Additionally, the multivariable-adjusted ORs for the presence of diabetes were significantly higher in subjects with a low maternal care score (OR 1.61, 95%CI 1.00–2.60) or in subjects with a high maternal overprotection score (OR 1.73, 95%CI 1.08–2.80). Moreover, the subjects with a low care score and high overprotection score for both their father and mother had a significantly higher multivariable-adjusted OR of diabetes than those with a high care score and low overprotection score for both parents (OR 2,12, 95%CI 1.14–3.95).ConclusionsThis study suggests that inadequate care and excessive overprotection during childhood may contribute to the development of diabetes in adulthood.

Hubungan Antara Kecerdasan Emosional dan Parental Bonding terhadap Dark Triad of Personality Pada Remaja

Adolescence contributes to the formation of personality in a person. Violence against adolescents is also a national problem in Indonesia today. Actions carried out by adolescents who are also students refer to impulsive behavior, shallow feelings, recklessness, as well as superiority and hostility which refer to the dark triad of personality. One of the factors that influence the dark triad of personality is emotional intelligence. Another factor that influences the dark triad of personality is the environment. Family is one of the environmental conditions that can contribute to the formation of one's personality so that bonding from parents contributes to adolescent behavior. This study aims to determine the relationship between emotional intelligence and parental bonding to the dark triad of personality in students at X High School in the city of Semarang. This research method uses a correlational quantitative approach with a total of 352 participants. The measuring instruments used in this study were the short dark triad (SD3), the parental bonding instrument (PBI), and the Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale (SEIS). The analysis carried out in this study used multiple regression analysis with SPSS version 26. The results in this study found that there was an effect of the variables of emotional intelligence and parental bonding simultaneously on the dark triad of personality in X High School students in the city of Semarang.

High care and low overprotection from both paternal and maternal parents predict a secure attachment style with a partner among perinatal Japanese women

This study aimed to determine how paternal and maternal parenting before adolescence affects adult attachment to a partner during the perinatal period, using three different models of attachment. We used the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) and the Relationship Questionnaire (RQ) to examine perceived parenting practices and adult attachment styles, respectively. The participants included 4586 Japanese women who were pregnant or who had given birth, up until one month after childbirth. We performed structural equation modeling analysis between PBI and RQ scores with three different category models, including the four-category model (secure, fearful, preoccupied, and dismissive attachment) as Model 1, the two-category model (model of the self and others) as Model 2, and the single-category model (total attachment style) as Model 3. Models 1 and 2 showed a good fit. Both path models showed a significant association between adult attachment style and perceived paternal and maternal parenting before adolescence, where high care and low overprotection from both paternal and maternal parents predicted adult attachment. Our findings indicate that attachment styles are best described using the four-category and two-category models, and suggest that both paternal and maternal overprotection and care influence adult attachment with a partner during the perinatal period.

An intergenerational study of parental bonding on perceptions of parental and spousal criticism and marital relationship quality in Singapore.

Criticism is a form of interpersonal social rejection and destructive conflict behavior which has been associated with poor relationship outcomes in both parent-child and marital relationships. However, the role of the individual's perceptions of parental and spousal criticism in influencing the perceptions of criticism of other members in the family unit has not been examined. This study investigated the associations between parental bonding and perceptions of parental and spousal criticism across generations in Singapore. In all, 134 Singaporean married parent dyads (G2) and one child (G3) of each dyad were recruited. G2 parent participants completed the Perceived Criticism measure for their parents (G1) and spouses, the Parental Bonding Instrument and the Quality of Marriage Index. G3 children participants completed the Perceived Criticism measure for their parents (G2). Path analysis found that G2 perceptions of parental bonding were significant predictors of G2's perceptions of G1 parental criticism, which significantly predicted both G2's perceptions of spousal criticism and G3's perceptions of G2 parental criticism. Perceptions of spousal criticism were also found to predict marital relationship quality in G2 participants. Findings highlight the intergenerational transmission of perceptions of criticism across relationships in the family unit, providing support that parenting practices and communication patterns in one generation can predict those in the next generation in the Singaporean context. Future studies can look to replicate the findings in other cultures and include further investigations into sibling relationships as well.

Association between negatively perceived parenting attitudes and dissociation: a cross-sectional study on the general population in Japan.

Many studies have reported that early traumatic experiences, mainly abuse, are associated with forming dangerous attachments and a contributing factor to dissociation. On the other hand, other studies have investigated the association of non-abusive nurturing and attachment styles with dissociation. The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of dissociative experiences in the general Japanese population and investigate the effects of "overprotection" and "lack of care" as nurturing styles and "abandonment anxiety" and "avoidance of intimacy" as attachment styles on dissociation. A total of 1,042 residents aged 18 to 69 years were administered with the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), the Japanese version of the WHO-5 Well-Being Index (WHO-5-J), the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), and the Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory-the-generalized-other-version (ECR-GO). Hierarchical multiple regression analyses on the effects of "overprotection" and "care" as nurturing attitudes "abandonment anxiety" and "avoidance of intimacy" as attachment styles on dissociation (DES-NDI and DES-T) were conducted. Based on the findings of this study, "care" and "overprotection" as nurturing attitudes were shown to be a contributing factor to dissociation (DES-NDI and DES-T). "Avoidance of intimacy" as an attachment style was shown to contribute to pathological dissociation. On the other hand, the influence of attachment style on the relationship between nurturing style and dissociation was not determined. This study provided essential data on the distribution of dissociative experiences in the general Japanese population. It was indicated that nurturing style, particularly overprotection, may be linked to nonfunctional stress coping and interpersonal anxiety and could be a contributing factor to mental disorders, including dissociation. Furthermore, considering that the effect of nurturing styles on dissociation does not vary with attachment styles, the effect of nurturing styles on dissociation may be more profound.

Therapeutic Alliance: Associations with Childhood Trauma and Parental Bonding

Literature has shown the importance of therapeutic alliance in the psychotherapeutic process and seeks to understand factors that can interfere in its establishment, such as childhood trauma and parental bonding. As such, this study aims to evaluate therapeutic alliance in psychodynamic psychotherapy from the perspective of adult patients and the correlation between parental bonding and childhood trauma. A cross‐sectional and correlational study was carried out with 180 adult patients who started psychodynamic psychotherapy between May 2015 and May 2016 in a mental health clinic whereby Working Alliance Inventory, Parental Bonding Instrument and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire tools were used. The results show that there are correlations between the father's care and total alliance, as well as the dimensions of goal and bond, but those with mother did not reach statistical significance. The dimensions of emotional abuse and emotional neglect show an inverse correlation with the therapeutic alliance. These results point to the importance of experience of early relationships in establishing therapeutic alliance, relevance of the father figure in this process, and the need for clinicians to be aware of these attachment factors and patient childhood traumas to establish a strong therapeutic relationship.

Maternal Bonding as a Protective Factor for Orthorexia Nervosa Risk in Dietetics Students.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of the risk of orthorexia nervosa (ON) in dietetics students in Greece, and its relationship with diet, risk of eating disorder (ED), body mass index (BMI), body image flexibility, and parental attachment. The participants were 132 dietetics students, with a mean age of 22.94 ± 3.5 years, who completed a series of questionnaires that recorded sociodemographic, clinical, and anthropometric characteristics; adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet); ON indicators as determined by the ORTO-15 questionnaire; body image flexibility, with the Body Image-Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (BI-AAQ-5); the risk for ED as assessed using the EAT-26; anxiety level according to the STAIT 6 instrument; and recollection of their parents' attitudes towards them during the first 16 years of life, with the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI). ON risk appeared to be significantly associated with BMI (p = 0.002), exercise frequency (p = 0.023), anxiety level (p = 0.002), risk of ED (p < 0.001), body image inflexibility (p < 0.001), and inversely with the affectionate constraint of maternal bonding (p = 0.036). In conclusion, disordered eating behaviors and body shape concerns are prevalent among dietetics students, with parental attachment to the mother influencing their occurrence. Identification of potential ON and development of prevention mechanisms during childhood could help eliminate these concerns and improve the lives of dietetics students.

ВЫЯВЛЕНИЕ НАРУШЕНИЙ ПСИХИЧЕСКОГО ЗДОРОВЬЯ ПРИ ЮВЕНИЛЬНОМ ИДИОПАТИЧЕСКОМ АРТРИТЕ С ХРОНИЧЕСКИМ БОЛЕВЫМ СИНДРОМОМ

Mental health disorders in pediatric rheumatologists’ practice are often unrecognized and insufficiently taken into account by pediatric rheumatologists when managing patients suffering from juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). The chronic pain syndrome, which complicates the course of JIA, largely has a psychosomatic basis and is associated both with the severity of mental disorders in the patients themselves and with the characteristics of parent-child relationships. The purpose of the research was to study the severity of manifestations of mental disorders, emotional regulation and parent-child relationships in pediatric patients with JIA with chronic pain syndrome in comparison with patients with acne. Materials and methods used: a single-center simultaneous study of adolescents aged 11 to 17 y/o was conducted in Oct.-Dec. 2022. Using a visual analogue scale, the severity of pain was assessed separately by the participants in the study and their parents; patients assessed their general condition, whilst the physician determined the overall assessment of the current activity of the disease. All of the participants had completed the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Parental bonding instrument (PBI) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) questionnaires. Results: the main group consisted of 30 suffering from JIA with chronic pain syndrome. The comparison group consisted of 40 with acne. In patients with JIA, the values in the scales “Behavioral problems” (p=0.001), “Hyperactivity” (p=0.001), “Problems with peers” (p=0.001), “Emotional detachment” (assessment of mothers and fathers, p=0.001) and “Hyper care” (assessment of mothers and fathers, p=0.001) were statistically significantly lower, whilst higher in the values for “Prosocial behavior” (p=0.026), “Awareness of own emotions” (p=0.001), “Emotional warmth” (assessment of mothers and fathers, p=0.001) and “Encouraging independence” (assessment of mothers and fathers, p=0.001). Conclusion: JIA patients with chronic pain syndrome demonstrated more favorable mental health outcomes compared to patients with acne, which is traditionally considered as a factor in the mental adjustment disorder of adolescents that negatively affects the emotional state, self-esteem and the quality of life.

Trait anxiety and depressive rumination mediate the effect of perceived childhood rearing on adulthood presenteeism.

Productivity loss in the workplace due to physical or mental health problems, which is called presenteeism, leads to large financial losses. Personal and work environment factors, as well as physical and mental illnesses are associated with presenteeism, but the detailed underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the effects of perceived childhood rearing on the presenteeism of adult workers, and the mediating effects of trait anxiety and depressive rumination. In 2017 and 2018, a cross-sectional paper-based survey was conducted, and written consent from 447 adult workers was obtained. Demographic information and results from the Parental Bonding Instrument, trait anxiety of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y, Ruminative Responses Scale, and Work Limitations Questionnaire were surveyed. Multiple regression analyses and structural equation modeling were conducted. The low perceived quality of rearing from parents in childhood, i.e., low care and high overprotection, indirectly worsened current presenteeism via trait anxiety and depressive rumination. Presenteeism was directly worsened by trait anxiety and depressive rumination, and the low perceived quality of rearing from parents directly affected trait anxiety and depressive rumination, and trait anxiety affected depressive rumination. The results of this study clarified the long-term influences of the low perceived quality of rearing experienced in childhood on adulthood presenteeism via trait anxiety and depressive rumination. Therefore, assessing the quality of childhood rearing, trait anxiety, and depressive rumination of individuals may help to elucidate the causes of presenteeism in the workplace, and how to manage it effectively.